互联网上搜索到的 Linux 环境新磁盘配置方法资料质量都不尽如人意,因此自己整理了一份,日常 Linux 磁盘分区时查阅足够了,主要是用到了 fdisk 命令。
新增硬盘后,在linux系统下输入 fdisk -l 命令查看当前磁盘信息:
- $ sudo fdisk -l
- ...
- Disk /dev/ram0: 4.8 GiB, 5120000000 bytes, 10000000 sectors
- Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 8192 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 8192 bytes / 8192 bytes
- ...
- Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
- Disk model: ST500DM002-1BD14
- Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
- Disklabel type: gpt
- Disk identifier: C16B3C7C-2596-448D-A4BA-4A7554CD734A
-
- Device Start End Sectors Size Type
- /dev/sda1 2048 976773119 976771072 465.8G Linux filesystem
- ...
-
- Disk /dev/sdc: 3.7 TiB, 4000787030016 bytes, 7814037168 sectors
- Disk model: ST4000NM000A-2HZ
- Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- ...
注意看最下面多了一块 3.7TB 的硬盘 sdc ,下面用命令: fdisk /dev/sdc 给新硬盘进行分区:
- $ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
-
- Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
- Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
- Be careful before using the write command.
-
- The old LVM2_member signature will be removed by a write command.
-
- Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
- The size of this disk is 3.7 TiB (4000787030016 bytes). DOS partition table format cannot be used on drives for volumes larger than 2199023255040 bytes for 512-byte sectors. Use GUID partition table format (GPT).
-
- Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe461c452.
-
- Command (m for help):
进入 fdisk 命令,输入 m 可以看到该命令的帮助:
- Command (m for help): m
-
- Help:
-
- DOS (MBR)
- a toggle a bootable flag
- b edit nested BSD disklabel
- c toggle the dos compatibility flag
-
- Generic
- d delete a partition
- F list free unpartitioned space
- l list known partition types
- n add a new partition
- p print the partition table
- t change a partition type
- v verify the partition table
- i print information about a partition
-
- Misc
- m print this menu
- u change display/entry units
- x extra functionality (experts only)
-
- Script
- I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
- O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
-
- Save & Exit
- w write table to disk and exit
- q quit without saving changes
-
- Create a new label
- g create a new empty GPT partition table
- G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
- o create a new empty DOS partition table
- s create a new empty Sun partition table
进行分区前需要先明确采用分区表的格式,目前主流的有 MBR 和 GPT ,二者的区别可以自行搜索,总结两点:
知道上面两点就够了,这里我使用在 Linux 服务器上,不需要考虑 windows 兼容性,此外是一块 4T 盘,因此采用 GPT 进行分区,下面两种方式请根据自己的需要选择。
如果使用 GPT 则输入 g 创建一张新的空 GPT 格式分区表。
- ommand (m for help): g
- Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: D53735F6-8E14-504D-BDA5-89DB97A770DF).
- The old LVM2_member signature will be removed by a write command.
之后输入 n 进行分区,
- Command (m for help): n
选择分区表编号,根据提示目前最多可以创建128个分区,保持默认即可:
- Partition number (1-128, default 1):
之后选择该分区的起始磁盘数,这里可自定义也可不做选择,如无特殊需求强烈建议选择默认:
- First sector (2048-7814037134, default 2048):
接下来是定义该分区的大小,默认使用整个,直接回车:
- Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-7814037134, default 7814037134):
创建成功:
- Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 3.7 TiB.
最后记得 w 将分区表写入硬盘。
如果使用 MBR 则输入 o 创建一张新的空 MBR 格式分区表:
- Command (m for help): o
- The size of this disk is 3.7 TiB (4000787030016 bytes). DOS partition table format cannot be used on drives for volumes larger than 2199023255040 bytes for 512-byte sectors. Use GUID partition table format (GPT).
-
- Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe3e2291c.
- The old LVM2_member signature will be removed by a write command.
输入 n 进行分区:
- Command (m for help): n
- Partition type
- p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
- e extended (container for logical partitions)
一块物理硬盘只能有: 一到四个主分区(但其中只能有一个是活动的主分区),或一到三个主分区,和一个扩展分区。分别对应hda1,hda2,hda3,hda4.
Linux 中规定,每一个硬盘设备最多能有 4 个主分区(其中包含扩展分区)构成,任何一个扩展分区都要占用一个主分区号码,也就是在一个硬盘中,主分区和扩展分区一共最多是 4 个。
总接下来就是一块物理硬盘至少有一个主分区,在这里我只需要一个分区,因此下面将这块硬盘全部划为主分区:
- Select (default p): p
之后选择该主分区为第几个主分区,由于是新盘,这里输入1来分第一个主分区:
- Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
之后选择该分区的起始磁盘数,这里可自定义也可不做选择,如无特殊需求强烈建议选择默认:
- First sector (2048-4294967295, default 2048):
接下来是定义该分区的大小,如果按默认(按回车)即是使用全部可用存储额,也可以是用 M 或 m 单位结尾的数字(大写M是大B的意思,如果输入1M实际上是X8也就是8m的空间),这里我保持默认:
- Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-4294967294, default 4294967294):
-
- Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 TiB.
可以看到即使硬盘是 4TB,采用 MBR 后只能使用其中的 2TB 空间,其他的就浪费了。
最后记得 w 将分区表写入硬盘。
完成分区后,记得输入 w 写入分区:
- Command (m for help): w
- The partition table has been altered.
- Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
- Syncing disks.
写入分区表成功后会退出 fdisk 交互界面。
再看一眼磁盘信息:
- $ sudo fdisk -l
- ...
- Disk /dev/sdc: 3.7 TiB, 4000787030016 bytes, 7814037168 sectors
- Disk model: ST4000NM000A-2HZ
- Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- Disklabel type: gpt
- Disk identifier: 74A6DB69-8C91-654F-9F61-A9F38D7F2A34
-
- Device Start End Sectors Size Type
- /dev/sdc1 2048 7814037134 7814035087 3.7T Linux filesystem
- ...
没问题后进行格式化,如果没有特殊需求就采用 ext4 :
第四代扩展文件系统(英语:Fourth extended filesystem,缩写为ext4)是Linux系统下的日志文件系统,是ext3文件系统的后继版本 —— ext4 By Wikipedia。
- $ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1
- mke2fs 1.44.5 (15-Dec-2018)
- Creating filesystem with 976754384 4k blocks and 244195328 inodes
- Filesystem UUID: 87746749-1922-4682-9b4e-3a67be1d9498
- Superblock backups stored on blocks:
- 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
- 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
- 102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544
-
- Allocating group tables: done
- Writing inode tables: done
- Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
- Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
之后将磁盘挂载到需要的位置,一般会选择挂载在 /mnt ,我在这里由于涉及到多用户,将硬盘挂载我用户目录下的一个文件夹下:
- sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /home/songtianlun/data
直接挂载,重启后配置会丢失,可以修改 /etc/fstab 配置文件配置开机自动挂载,该配置文件的格式如下:
- $ cat /etc/fstab
- # /etc/fstab: static file system information.
- #
- # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
- # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
- # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
- #
- # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
- # / was on /dev/sda7 during installation
- UUID=4ae9f128-7cee-48fd-998c-4257e394fa4a / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
- # /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
- UUID=A5EB-573A /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
- /swapfile none swap sw 0 0
-
- # /dev/sda1
- /dev/sda1 / ext4 rw,relatime 0 1
- UUID=4ae9f128-7cee-48fd-998c-4257e394fa4a / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
格式大概是这样的:
- # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
- # 要挂载的分区设备号 挂载点 文件系统类型 挂载选项 是否备份 是否检测
如果需要设备号,可以使用 blkid 命令获取:
- $ blkid
- /dev/sda1: UUID="e943af1e-72cf-4b72-b444-859b9610256f" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="161a8c3f-871d-45f6-a25f-466bf16f6035"
实测下面这两种都是可以挂载的:
- UUID=4ae9f128-7cee-48fd-998c-4257e394fa4a / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
- /dev/sda1 / ext4 rw,relatime 0 1
写好配置后可以使用该命令生效(挂载 /etc/fstab 中所有档案):
- mount -a
下次重启设备就不需要再手动挂载该磁盘了。
使用 lsblk 看一下当前硬盘的树形结构:
- $ lsblk
- NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
- sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
- └─sda1 8:1 0 465.8G 0 part /
- sdc 8:32 0 3.7T 0 disk
- └─sdc1 8:33 0 3.7T 0 part /home/songtianlun/data
使用 df-h 看看使用率:
- $ df -h
- 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
- /dev/sda1 459G 8.6G 427G 2% /
- ...
- /dev/sdc1 3.6T 89M 3.4T 1% /home/songtianlun/data