nginx配置文件主要分为四个部分:
main(全局设置)
http ( )
upstream(负载均衡服务器设置)
server(主机设置)
location(URL匹配特点位置的设置)
server部分的指令主要用于指定主机和端口,upstream指令主要用于负载均衡和设置一系列的后端服务器,location部分用于匹配网页位置位置。
关系如下:
server继承main,location继承server,upstream即不会继承其他设置也不会被继承。
nginx在运行时与具体业务功能(比如http服务或者email服务代理)无关的一些参数,比如工作进程数,运行的身份等。
user www www;
worker_processes 4;
worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;
error_log /data/logs/nginx_error.log crit;
pid /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events{
use epoll;
worker_connections 65536;
}
http
{
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#charset gb2312;
}
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 128k;
client_max_body_size 10m;
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
sendfile on ;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65 :
client_body_timeout 60s;
send_timeout 60s;
FastCGI相关参数是为了改善网站的性能:减少资源占用,提高访问速度。下面参数看字面意思都能理解。
fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
fastcgi_cache TEST;
fastcgi_cache_path /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=TEST:10m inactive=5m;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 302 1h;
fastcgi_cache_valid 301 1d;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 1m;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_types text/html text/plain text/css text/javascript application/json application/javascript application/x-javascript application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
http服务上支持若干虚拟主机。每个虚拟主机一个对应的server配置项,配置项里面包含该虚拟主机相关的配置。在提供mail服务的代理时,也可以建立若干server。每个server通过监听地址或端口来区分。
server
{
listen 80 default;
server_name _;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data/htdocs/www;
#server_name_in_redirect off;
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
expires 30d;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
{
expires 1h;
}
}
关于location匹配规则的写法,参考使用nginx做负载均衡
proxy_pass http:/backend
请求转向backend定义的服务器列表,即反向代理,对应upstream负载均衡器。也可以proxy_pass http://ip:port。
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
这四个暂且这样设,如果深究的话,请参考使用nginx做负载均衡。
Nginx 的访问控制模块默认就会安装,而且写法也非常简单,可以分别有多个allow,deny,允许或禁止某个ip或ip段访问,依次满足任何一个规则就停止往下匹配。如:
location /nginx-status {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
# auth_basic "NginxStatus";
# auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx-1.6/htpasswd;
allow 192.168.10.100;
allow 172.29.73.0/24;
deny all;
}
我们也常用 httpd-devel 工具的 htpasswd 来为访问的路径设置登录密码:
# htpasswd -c htpasswd admin
New passwd:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user admin
# htpasswd htpasswd admin //修改admin密码
# htpasswd htpasswd sean //多添加一个认证用户
这样就生成了默认使用CRYPT加密的密码文件。打开上面nginx-status的两行注释,重启nginx生效。
Nginx默认是不允许列出整个目录的。如需此功能,打开nginx.conf文件,在location,server 或 http段中加入如下参数:
location /images {
root /var/www/nginx-default/images;
autoindex on;
autoindex_exact_size off;
autoindex_localtime on;
}
user www www;
worker_processes 2;
error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
use epoll;
worker_connections 2048;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
# tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
# gzip压缩功能设置
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_types text/html text/plain text/css text/javascript application/json application/javascript application/x-javascript application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
# http_proxy 设置
client_max_body_size 10m;
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
proxy_connect_timeout 75;
proxy_send_timeout 75;
proxy_read_timeout 75;
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 4 32k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
proxy_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp 1 2;
# 设定负载均衡后台服务器列表
upstream backend {
#ip_hash;
server 192.168.10.100:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s ;
server 192.168.10.101:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s ;
}
# 很重要的虚拟主机配置
server {
listen 80;
server_name itoatest.example.com;
root /apps/oaapp;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/host.access.log main;
#对 / 所有做负载均衡+反向代理
location / {
root /apps/oaapp;
index index.jsp index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_redirect off;
# 后端的Web服务器可以通过X-Forwarded-For获取用户真实IP
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504;
}
#静态文件,nginx自己处理,不去backend请求后端的服务
location ~* /download/ {
root /data/app/nginx/downloads;
}
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|bmp|png|ico|txt|js|css)$
{
root /data/app/nginx/images;
expires 7d;
}
location /nginx_status {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
allow 192.168.10.0/24;
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/(WEB-INF)/ {
deny all;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
## 其它虚拟主机,server 指令开始
}
如果response header中包含Content-Encoding:gzip则表示开启gzip压缩。
Connection:keep-alive
Content-Encoding:gzip
Content-Type:text/html
Date:Wed, 29 Mar 2017 10:55:54 GMT
ETag:W/"58db92af-331a6"
Last-Modified:Wed, 29 Mar 2017 10:55:43 GMT
Server:nginx/1.10.3
Transfer-Encoding:chunked
Vary:Accept-Encoding