微服务架构代表了软件设计的范式转变,将大型单体应用程序分解为更小的、可管理的服务,这些服务独立运行并通过定义良好的 API 进行通信。
在 C# 中,微服务可以是更大系统的一部分:
using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
[Route("api/[controller]")]
[ApiController]
public class UserController : ControllerBase
{
[HttpGet]
public ActionResult<string> GetUser()
{
// Logic to fetch user data from a database or external service
return "User data";
}
}
在此代码片段中,UserController 公开了一个 HTTP GET 终结点来检索用户数据,展示了此微服务的单一职责。
CQRS 从根本上将处理命令(更改系统状态)和查询(在不修改状态的情况下检索数据)的责任分开。这种隔离允许针对每种类型的操作进行优化。
// Example of Command and Query models in C#
public class Command
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public object Payload { get; set; }
}
public class Query
{
public string Id { get; set; }
}
// Command Handler
public class CommandHandler
{
public void HandleCommand(Command command)
{
// Logic to process and update the system state based on the command
}
}
// Query Handler
public class QueryHandler
{
public object HandleQuery(Query query)
{
// Logic to retrieve and return data without altering the system state
return null;
}
}
这种分为具有专用处理程序的命令和查询模型的过程简化了代码库,并实现了对写入和读取操作的定制优化。
以 RabbitMQ 为例,消息代理在微服务架构中至关重要,为服务之间的异步通信提供了健壮的机制。它们在不同组件之间的通信中实现了解耦、可靠性和可扩展性。
// Example of using RabbitMQ with RabbitMQ.Client in C#
using RabbitMQ.Client;
class RabbitMQService
{
public void SendMessageToQueue(string queueName, string message)
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
channel.BasicPublish(exchange: "", routingKey: queueName, basicProperties: null, body: body);
Console.WriteLine($"Message sent to {queueName}: {message}");
}
}
在上述代码片段中,RabbitMQ 用于将消息发送到特定队列,从而确保微服务之间的可靠通信。
CQRS(命令查询责任分离)是一种体系结构模式,它主张将应用程序中的读取和写入操作之间明确分离。它区分用于读取数据(查询)的模型和逻辑以及用于修改数据(命令)的模型和逻辑。
// Example of Command and Query models in C#
public class Command
{
public string Id { get; set; }
public object Payload { get; set; }
}
public class Query
{
public string Id { get; set; }
}
在上述示例中,Command 和 Query 类分别表示用于处理写入和读取操作的不同模型。这种分离有助于隔离关注点并简化每种操作类型的逻辑。
分离读取和写入操作具有以下几个优点:
// Command Handler
public class CommandHandler
{
public void HandleCommand(Command command)
{
// Logic to process and update the system state based on the command
}
}
// Query Handler
public class QueryHandler
{
public object HandleQuery(Query query)
{
// Logic to retrieve and return data without altering the system state
return null;
}
}
将命令和查询的处理分开,可以根据每个操作的特定要求定制专用逻辑。
CQRS 在以下情况下特别有用:
// Example of using CQRS with Event Sourcing
public class EventSourcingHandler
{
public void ApplyEvent(Event event)
{
// Logic to apply an event and update the system state
}
public object GetState()
{
// Logic to reconstruct the system state based on events for query purposes
return null;
}
}
通过将 CQRS 与事件溯源结合使用,应用程序可以在处理命令/事件和查询数据之间保持明确的分离。
RabbitMQ 是一个健壮的开源消息代理,可促进分布式应用程序之间的通信。它充当中介,使应用程序的各个组件能够无缝通信和传输数据。
// Example of using RabbitMQ with RabbitMQ.Client in C#
using RabbitMQ.Client;
class RabbitMQService
{
public void SendMessageToQueue(string queueName, string message)
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
channel.BasicPublish(exchange: "", routingKey: queueName, basicProperties: null, body: body);
Console.WriteLine($"Message sent to {queueName}: {message}");
}
}
在上面的代码中,描述了一个类,展示了如何使用 RabbitMQ 的客户端库将消息发送到特定队列。
RabbitMQ 提供了几个特性,使其非常适合微服务架构:
// Example of using RabbitMQ for Publish-Subscribe
public class Publisher
{
public void Publish(string exchangeName, string message)
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.ExchangeDeclare(exchange: exchangeName, type: ExchangeType.Fanout);
var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
channel.BasicPublish(exchange: exchangeName, routingKey: "", basicProperties: null, body: body);
Console.WriteLine($"Message published to {exchangeName}: {message}");
}
}
该上述代码中通过向交易所发布消息来演示 RabbitMQ 的发布-订阅功能。
RabbitMQ 通过解耦发送方和接收方组件来促进异步通信,允许它们独立运行。它通过消息队列实现这一点,确保消息在应用程序的不同部分之间可靠地传递。
// Example of consuming messages from a RabbitMQ queue
class Consumer
{
public void ConsumeFromQueue(string queueName)
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: queueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);
consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>
{
var body = ea.Body.ToArray();
var message = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body);
Console.WriteLine($"Message received from {queueName}: {message}");
};
channel.BasicConsume(queue: queueName, autoAck: true, consumer: consumer);
}
}
该类演示如何使用来自特定队列的消息,从而允许组件异步处理收到的消息。
将 CQRS 与 RabbitMQ 集成时,应考虑以下几个设计注意事项:
使用 RabbitMQ 作为命令处理的消息传递主干涉及将命令发送到队列,这些命令将由处理程序使用进行处理。
如在一个在线订购系统的场景中,将 RabbitMQ 与 C# 中的 CQRS 集成以异步处理订单:
场景:
在在线订购系统中,当下达新订单时,需要异步处理。我们将使用 RabbitMQ 来处理命令(下订单)和事件(订单处理)。系统将按照 CQRS 原则使用队列分离命令和事件。
设计注意事项:
命令处理:
public class OrderCommandHandler
{
private readonly string commandQueueName = "order_commands";
public void SendOrderCommand(OrderCommand command)
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: commandQueueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(command));
channel.BasicPublish(exchange: "", routingKey: commandQueueName, basicProperties: null, body: body);
Console.WriteLine($"Order command sent: {JsonConvert.SerializeObject(command)}");
}
public void ConsumeOrderCommands()
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: commandQueueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);
consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>
{
var body = ea.Body.ToArray();
var commandMessage = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body);
var orderCommand = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<OrderCommand>(commandMessage);
// Process the order command
Task.Run(() => ProcessOrderCommand(orderCommand));
// Acknowledge the message
channel.BasicAck(deliveryTag: ea.DeliveryTag, multiple: false);
};
channel.BasicConsume(queue: commandQueueName, autoAck: false, consumer: consumer);
}
private void ProcessOrderCommand(OrderCommand orderCommand)
{
// Logic to process the order command asynchronously
Console.WriteLine($"Processing order command: {JsonConvert.SerializeObject(orderCommand)}");
// Place order, perform validation, etc.
// If successful, publish an order processed event
var orderEvent = new OrderEvent { OrderId = orderCommand.OrderId, Status = "Processed" };
SendOrderProcessedEvent(orderEvent);
}
private void SendOrderProcessedEvent(OrderEvent orderEvent)
{
var eventQueueName = "order_events";
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: eventQueueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(orderEvent));
channel.BasicPublish(exchange: "", routingKey: eventQueueName, basicProperties: null, body: body);
Console.WriteLine($"Order processed event sent: {JsonConvert.SerializeObject(orderEvent)}");
}
}
在集成了 RabbitMQ 的基于 CQRS 的系统中,为命令和事件建立了单独的队列,以实现组件之间的异步通信。
public class OrderEventConsumer
{
private readonly string eventQueueName = "order_events";
public void ConsumeOrderEvents()
{
var factory = new ConnectionFactory() { HostName = "localhost" };
using var connection = factory.CreateConnection();
using var channel = connection.CreateModel();
channel.QueueDeclare(queue: eventQueueName, durable: false, exclusive: false, autoDelete: false, arguments: null);
var consumer = new EventingBasicConsumer(channel);
consumer.Received += (model, ea) =>
{
var body = ea.Body.ToArray();
var eventMessage = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(body);
var orderEvent = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<OrderEvent>(eventMessage);
Console.WriteLine($"Received order processed event: {JsonConvert.SerializeObject(orderEvent)}");
// Logic to handle the processed order event
};
channel.BasicConsume(queue: eventQueueName, autoAck: true, consumer: consumer);
}
}
RabbitMQ 允许组件以非阻塞方式对事件和消息做出反应,从而促进事件驱动架构中的异步通信。
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
var orderCommandHandler = new OrderCommandHandler();
var orderEventConsumer = new OrderEventConsumer();
// Example: Sending an order command
var orderCommand = new OrderCommand { OrderId = Guid.NewGuid(), Product = "Product A", Quantity = 2 };
orderCommandHandler.SendOrderCommand(orderCommand);
// Consume order commands and events asynchronously
Task.Run(() => orderCommandHandler.ConsumeOrderCommands());
Task.Run(() => orderEventConsumer.ConsumeOrderEvents());
Console.ReadLine(); // Keep the application running
}
}
设置微服务基础架构
为简单起见,我们创建两个微服务:一个用于处理命令 (OrderCommandService),另一个用于处理查询 (OrderQueryService)。每个服务都将处理 CQRS 模式的特定方面。
订单命令服务
// OrderCommandService: Handles commands (placing orders)
public class OrderCommandService
{
private readonly string commandQueueName = "order_commands";
public void SendOrderCommand(OrderCommand command)
{
// Code to send order command to RabbitMQ queue (similar to previously shown CommandSender)
}
public void ConsumeOrderCommands()
{
// Code to consume order commands from RabbitMQ queue (similar to previously shown CommandConsumer)
// Process received commands asynchronously and trigger events accordingly
}
}
订单查询服务
// OrderQueryService: Handles queries (fetching orders)
public class OrderQueryService
{
private readonly string queryQueueName = "order_queries";
public void SendOrderQuery(Query query)
{
// Code to send order query to RabbitMQ queue (similar to previously shown CommandSender)
}
public void ConsumeOrderQueries()
{
// Code to consume order queries from RabbitMQ queue (similar to previously shown CommandConsumer)
// Process received queries and retrieve orders data asynchronously
}
}
命令和查询模型
// Command model
public class OrderCommand
{
public string OrderId { get; set; }
// Other order-related properties...
}
// Query model
public class OrderQuery
{
public string QueryId { get; set; }
// Other query-related properties...
}
订单命令服务
// Sending order commands
OrderCommandService orderCommandService = new OrderCommandService();
OrderCommand orderCommand = new OrderCommand { OrderId = "123", /* Other order properties */ };
orderCommandService.SendOrderCommand(orderCommand);
// Consuming order commands
orderCommandService.ConsumeOrderCommands();
订单查询服务
// Sending order queries
OrderQueryService orderQueryService = new OrderQueryService();
OrderQuery orderQuery = new OrderQuery { QueryId = "456", /* Other query properties */ };
orderQueryService.SendOrderQuery(orderQuery);
// Consuming order queries
orderQueryService.ConsumeOrderQueries();
确保数据一致性和最终一致性
实现数据一致性和最终一致性将涉及其他步骤,例如使用事件溯源、使用一致的读取模型进行查询,以及确保正确处理微服务中的事件。
在此只是演示了如何使用 CQRS 和 RabbitMQ 的在线订购系统微服务的基本设置,概述了用于处理命令和查询的服务之间的结构和交互。在实际应用场景中,还要实现完全数据一致性和最终一致性,通常需要对事件、数据存储机制和错误恢复策略进行更复杂的处理。
在微服务架构中使用 RabbitMQ 实现 CQRS 提供了一种强大的方法来构建可扩展的解耦系统,从而高效处理复杂的操作。