1、创建Scrapy项目

scrapy startproject qidian

2.进入项目目录，使用命令genspider创建Spider

scrapy genspider wanben qidian.com

3、定义要抓取的数据（处理items.py文件）

import scrapy

class QidianItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # 书名
    book_name = scrapy.Field()
    # 所在页码
    num = scrapy.Field()
    # 书的id
    book_id = scrapy.Field()
    # 作者
    author = scrapy.Field()
    # 简介
    intro = scrapy.Field()
    # 书的链接地址
    book_url = scrapy.Field()
    # 封面图链接
    cover_img_url = scrapy.Field()

4、编写提取item数据的Spider（在spiders文件夹下：wanben.py）

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 获取起点完本书籍信息
import scrapy
from ..items import QidianItem

class WanbenSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'wanben'
    allowed_domains = ['qidian.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.qidian.com/finish']

    def parse(self, response):
        next_page = response.xpath('//*[@id="page-container"]/div/ul/li[*]/a[contains(@class,"lbf-pagination-page")]/@href').extract()
        for page in next_page:
            print("处理第%s页" %(page[-1]))
            yield scrapy.Request(url="https:"+page,callback=self.parse_book)

    def parse_book(self,response):
        # 书籍在第几页
        num = (response.url).split("=")[-1]
        book_name = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-mid-info"]/h4/a/text()').extract()
        book_id = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-mid-info"]/h4/a/@data-bid').extract()
        author = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-mid-info"]/p[@class="author"]/a[1]/text()').extract()
        intro = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-mid-info"]/p[@class="intro"]/text()').extract()
        # 书的链接地址要加上"https:"
        book_url = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-mid-info"]/h4/a/@href').extract()
        # 封面图地址要加上"https:"，并且去掉结尾的数字150，获得大图
        cover_img_url = response.xpath('//div[@class="book-img-box"]/a/img/@src').extract()
        length = len(book_name)
        for i in range(length):
            item = QidianItem()
            item['num'] = int(num)
            item['book_id'] = book_id[i]
            item['book_name'] = book_name[i]
            item['author'] = author[i]
            item['intro'] = intro[i].strip()
            item['book_url'] = "https:" + book_url[i]
            item['cover_img_url'] = "https:" + cover_img_url[i][:-3]
            yield item

5.处理pipelines管道文件保存数据，下载封面图及将结果保存到表格和数据库中（pipelines.py）

import os
import time

import scrapy
import pymysql
from openpyxl import Workbook
from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings

# 保存封面图到本地images文件夹
class ImagePipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    #  获取settings文件中设置的图片保存地址IMAGES_STORE: ./images
    IMAGES_STORE = get_project_settings().get('IMAGES_STORE')
    def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
        yield scrapy.Request(item['cover_img_url'])
    def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
        print("处理[%s]封面图片" % item['book_name'])
        # 图片目录
        if (not os.path.exists(self.IMAGES_STORE)):
            os.makedirs(self.IMAGES_STORE)
        # ['full/7237c3717f9d3eef185e2d6bad9903e2c6eef810.jpg']
        image_path = [x['path'] for ok, x in results if ok]
        # 图片更名和更换到imags文件夹下，默认是在full文件夹中
        os.rename(self.IMAGES_STORE + '/' + image_path[0],self.IMAGES_STORE + '/' + item['book_name'] + '.jpg')
        return item
    def close_spider(self,spider):
        print("图片下载完成")
        # full最后如果是空文件夹删掉
        path = self.IMAGES_STORE + '/full'
        if not os.listdir(path):
            os.rmdir(path)

class MySqlPipeline():
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls,crawler):
        cls.MYSQL_HOST = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_HOST')
        cls.MYSQL_PORT = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PORT')
        cls.MYSQL_USER = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_USER')
        cls.MYSQL_PASSWD = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_PASSWD')
        cls.MYSQL_DBNAME = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_DBNAME')
        cls.MYSQL_CHARSET = crawler.settings.get('MYSQL_CHARSET')
        return cls()
    def __init__(self):
        self.db = pymysql.connect(host=self.MYSQL_HOST,port=self.MYSQL_PORT,user=self.MYSQL_USER,passwd=self.MYSQL_PASSWD,
                                  db=self.MYSQL_DBNAME,charset=self.MYSQL_CHARSET)
        self.currsor = self.db.cursor()

    def process_item(self,item,spider):
        try:
            sql = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS qidian(book_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,book_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,num INT(5) COMMENT "所在页码",' \
                  'author VARCHAR(100),intro TEXT COMMENT "简介",book_url VARCHAR(200),' \
                  'cover_img_url VARCHAR(200))ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;'
            self.currsor.execute(sql)
        except:
            pass
        try:
            self.currsor.execute('SELECT book_id FROM qidian WHERE book_id=%s;',item['book_id'])
            switch = self.currsor.fetchone()
            keys,values = zip(*item.items())
            if switch:
                sql = """INSERT INTO qidian({})VALUES ({})ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {};""".format(
                    ','.join(keys),
                    ','.join(['%s']* len(values)),
                    ','.join(['{}=%s'.format(k)for k in keys])
                )
                self.currsor.execute(sql,values*2)
            else:
                sql = 'INSERT INTO qidian({})VALUES ({});'.format(
                    ','.join(keys),
                    ','.join(['%s'] * len(values))
                )
                self.currsor.execute(sql,values)
            self.db.commit()
            return item
        except Exception as e:
            print("出错：",e)
            self.db.rollback()

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        print("数据库处理完毕！")
        self.currsor.close()
        self.db.close()

class XlsxPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.wb = Workbook()
        self.ws = self.wb.active
        self.ws.title = "qidian完结书表"
        # 创建表头
        self.ws.append(['book_id','所在页码','书名','作者','简介','链接地址','封面图链接地址'])

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        text = [item['book_id'],item['num'],item['book_name'],item['author'],
                item['intro'],item['book_url'],item['cover_img_url']]
        self.ws.append(text)
        return item
    def close_spider(self,spider):
        file_date = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d",time.localtime())
        self.wb.save(spider.name + file_date + '.xlsx')
        print("表格已保存")

6.配置settings文件（settings.py)

# 将日志存到本地文件中（可选添加设置）
LOG_FILE = "qidian.log"
LOG_LEVEL = "DEBUG"
# 包含打印信息也一起写进日志里
LOG_STDOUT = True

# 保存封面图片目录地址
IMAGES_STORE = './images'

# 配置MYSQL
MYSQL_HOST = "localhost"
MYSQL_PORT = 3306
MYSQL_USER = "root"
MYSQL_PASSWD = "123456"
MYSQL_DBNAME = "python5"
MYSQL_CHARSET = "utf8mb4"

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3

DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
'User-Agesettingsnt': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0);',
  # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
  # 'Accept-Language': 'en',
}

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'qidian.pipelines.XlsxPipeline': 300,
   'qidian.pipelines.ImagePipeline': 3,
   'qidian.pipelines.MySqlPipeline': 301,
}

7.以上设置完毕，进行爬取：执行项目命令crawl，启动Spider：

scrapy crawl wanben