MicroPython是一种精简高效的Python解释器,专为运行在微控制器和受限环境下设计。它支持大多数Python语法和标准库,同时提供了丰富的硬件控制接口,使开发者能够用Python编写嵌入式应用。MicroPython已经被广泛应用于物联网(IoT)设备、机器人、自动化系统等领域。本文将详细介绍MicroPython库的安装、主要功能、基本操作、高级功能及其实践应用,并提供丰富的示例代码。
MicroPython的安装因不同的硬件平台而异。以下是几个常见平台的安装步骤:
- pip install esptool
- esptool.py --port /dev/ttyUSB0 erase_flash
- esptool.py --port /dev/ttyUSB0 --baud 460800 write_flash --flash_size=detect 0 esp8266-20220618-v1.18.bin
Pyboard是MicroPython官方开发的开发板,已预装MicroPython固件。如果需要重新安装或更新固件,可以从MicroPython官方固件下载页面下载适用于Pyboard的固件文件,并按照官方网站上的指南进行操作。
以下示例展示了如何在MicroPython中编写一个简单的“Hello, World!”程序:
- print("Hello, World!")
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython控制开发板上的LED灯:
- from machine import Pin
- import time
-
- # 初始化LED灯
- led = Pin(2, Pin.OUT)
-
- # 闪烁LED灯
- while True:
- led.value(not led.value())
- time.sleep(1)
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython读取DHT11温湿度传感器的数据:
- import dht
- from machine import Pin
- import time
-
- # 初始化DHT11传感器
- dht11 = dht.DHT11(Pin(4))
-
- while True:
- dht11.measure()
- temperature = dht11.temperature()
- humidity = dht11.humidity()
- print("Temperature:", temperature, "C")
- print("Humidity:", humidity, "%")
- time.sleep(2)
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython在设备的文件系统上进行文件读写操作:
- # 写入文件
- with open('data.txt', 'w') as file:
- file.write('Hello, MicroPython!')
-
- # 读取文件
- with open('data.txt', 'r') as file:
- content = file.read()
- print(content)
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython连接Wi-Fi网络并创建一个简单的HTTP服务器:
- import network
- import socket
-
- # 连接Wi-Fi网络
- ssid = 'your_SSID'
- password = 'your_PASSWORD'
-
- station = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
- station.active(True)
- station.connect(ssid, password)
-
- while not station.isconnected():
- pass
-
- print('Connection successful')
- print(station.ifconfig())
-
- # 创建HTTP服务器
- addr = socket.getaddrinfo('0.0.0.0', 80)[0][-1]
- s = socket.socket()
- s.bind(addr)
- s.listen(5)
-
- print('Listening on', addr)
-
- while True:
- cl, addr = s.accept()
- print('Client connected from', addr)
- cl_file = cl.makefile('rwb', 0)
- while True:
- line = cl_file.readline()
- if not line or line == b'\r\n':
- break
- response = """\
- HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-
- Hello, World!
- """
- cl.send(response)
- cl.close()
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython处理硬件中断:
- from machine import Pin
-
- # 定义中断处理函数
- def handle_interrupt(pin):
- print('Interrupt detected!')
-
- # 初始化引脚
- interrupt_pin = Pin(4, Pin.IN)
- interrupt_pin.irq(trigger=Pin.IRQ_FALLING, handler=handle_interrupt)
-
- while True:
- pass
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython实现简单的智能家居控制,通过Web界面控制LED灯的开关:
- import network
- import socket
- from machine import Pin
-
- # 连接Wi-Fi网络
- ssid = 'your_SSID'
- password = 'your_PASSWORD'
-
- station = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
- station.active(True)
- station.connect(ssid, password)
-
- while not station.isconnected():
- pass
-
- print('Connection successful')
- print(station.ifconfig())
-
- # 初始化LED灯
- led = Pin(2, Pin.OUT)
-
- # 创建HTTP服务器
- addr = socket.getaddrinfo('0.0.0.0', 80)[0][-1]
- s = socket.socket()
- s.bind(addr)
- s.listen(5)
-
- print('Listening on', addr)
-
- def web_page():
- if led.value() == 1:
- gpio_state = "ON"
- else:
- gpio_state = "OFF"
-
- html = """<html>
- <head>
- <title>MicroPython LED Control</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <h1>MicroPython LED Control</h1>
- <p>LED state: <strong>{}</strong></p>
- <a href="/?led=on"><button>Turn ON</button></a>
- <a href="/?led=off"><button>Turn OFF</button></a>
- </body>
- </html>""".format(gpio_state)
- return html
-
- while True:
- cl, addr = s.accept()
- print('Client connected from', addr)
- cl_file = cl.makefile('rwb', 0)
- while True:
- line = cl_file.readline()
- if not line or line == b'\r\n':
- break
-
- request = str(cl_file.readline())
- print('Content =', request)
- led_on = request.find('/?led=on')
- led_off = request.find('/?led=off')
-
- if led_on == 6:
- print('LED ON')
- led.value(1)
- if led_off == 6:
- print('LED OFF')
- led.value(0)
-
- response = web_page()
- cl.send('HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n')
- cl.send('Content-Type: text/html\n')
- cl.send('Connection: close\n\n')
- cl.sendall(response)
- cl.close()
以下示例展示了如何使用MicroPython构建一个简单的环境监测系统,定期读取温湿度数据并上传到服务器:
- import dht
- import network
- import socket
- from machine import Pin
- import time
-
- # 连接Wi-Fi网络
- ssid = 'your_SSID'
- password = 'your_PASSWORD'
-
- station = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
- station.active(True)
- station.connect(ssid, password)
-
- while not station.isconnected():
- pass
-
- print('Connection successful')
- print(station.ifconfig())
-
- # 初始化DHT11传感器
- dht11 = dht.DHT11(Pin(4))
-
- # 服务器地址
- server = 'your.server.com'
- port = 80
-
- while True:
- dht11.measure()
- temperature = dht11.temperature()
- humidity = dht11.humidity()
- print("Temperature:", temperature, "C")
- print("Humidity:", humidity, "%")
-
- # 创建HTTP请求
- addr = socket.getaddrinfo(server, port)[0][-1]
- s = socket.socket()
- s.connect(addr)
- request = 'GET /update?temp={}&humidity={} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {}\r\n\r\n'.format(temperature, humidity, server)
- s.send(request.encode())
- response = s.recv(1024)
- s.close()
- print(response)
-
- time.sleep(60)
MicroPython库为Python开发者提供了一个功能强大且灵活的工具,用于嵌入式开发。通过其简洁的API和丰富的功能,用户可以轻松控制硬件设备,处理传感器数据,进行网络通信等。无论是在物联网、智能家居、机器人还是自动化系统中,MicroPython都能提供强大的支持和便利。本文详细介绍了MicroPython库的安装、主要功能、基本操作、高级功能及其实践应用,并提供了丰富的示例代码。希望在实际项目中能够充分利用MicroPython库,提高嵌入式开发的效率和效果。