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【Python基础】python使用openpyxl操作excel

时间:03-13来源:作者:点击数:
1、openpyxl库介绍
  • openpyxl最好用的python操作excel表格库,不接受反驳;
  • openpyxl官网链接:openpyxl官网 —> https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io
  • openpyxl只支持【.xlsx / .xlsm / .xltx / .xltm】格式的文件;
2、python怎么打开及读取表格内容?
1)Excel表格述语

这里需要大家仔细查看图中的每一项内容,知道什么是“行(row)、列(column)”?什么是“格子(cell)”?什么是“sheet表”?

2)打开Excel表格并获取表格名称
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
workbook.sheetnames

结果如下:

3)通过sheet名称获取表格
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
workbook.sheetnames
sheet = workbook["Sheet1"]
print(sheet)

结果如下:

4)获取表格的尺寸大小
  • 这里所说的尺寸大小,指的是excel表格中的数据有几行几列,针对的是不同的sheet而言。
sheet.dimensions

结果如下:

5)获取表格内某个格子的数据
① sheet["A1"]方式
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet["A1"]
cell2 = sheet["C11"]
print(cell1.value, cell2.value)


"""
workbook.active 打开激活的表格;
sheet["A1"] 获取A1格子的数据;
cell.value 获取格子中的值;
"""

结果如下:

② sheet.cell(row=, column=)方式
  • 这种方式更简单,大家可以对比这两种方式;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet.cell(row = 1,column = 1)
cell2 = sheet.cell(row = 11,column = 3)
print(cell1.value, cell2.value)

结果如下:

6)获取某个格子的行数、列数、坐标
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet["A1"]
cell2 = sheet["C11"]
print(cell1.value, cell1.row, cell1.column, cell1.coordinate)
print(cell2.value, cell2.row, cell2.column, cell2.coordinate)
"""
.row 获取某个格子的行数;
.columns 获取某个格子的列数;
.corordinate 获取某个格子的坐标;
"""

结果如下:

7)获取一系列格子
① sheet[]方式
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 获取A1:C2区域的值
cell = sheet["A1:C2"]
print(cell)
for i in cell:
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)

结果如下:

特别的:如果我们只想获取“A列”,或者获取“A-C列”,可以采取如下方式:

sheet["A"]    --- 获取A列的数据
sheet["A:C"]    --- 获取A,B,C三列的数据
sheet[5]   --- 只获取第5行的数据
② .iter_rows()方式
  • 当然有.iter_rows()方式,肯定也会有.iter_cols()方式,只不过一个是按行读取,一个是按列读取。
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 按行获取值
for i in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2):
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)
# 按列获取值
for i in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2):
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)

结果如下:

③ sheet.rows()
  • 帮助我们获取所有行
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
for i in sheet.rows:
        print(i)

结果如下:

3、python如何向excel中写入某些内容?
1)修改表格中的内容
① 向某个格子中写入内容并保存
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet["A1"] = "哈喽" # 这句代码也可以改为cell = sheet["A1"] cell.value = "哈喽"
workbook.save(filename = "哈喽.xlsx")
"""
注意:我们将“A1”单元格的数据改为了“哈喽”,并另存为了“哈喽.xlsx”文件。
如果我们保存的时候,不修改表名,相当于直接修改源文件;
"""

结果如下:

② .append():向表格中插入行数据
  • .append()方式:会在表格已有的数据后面,增添这些数(按行插入);
  • 这个操作很有用,爬虫得到的数据,可以使用该方式保存成Excel文件;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
data = [
    ["唐僧","男","180cm"],
    ["孙悟空","男","188cm"],
    ["猪八戒","男","175cm"],
    ["沙僧","男","176cm"],
]
for row in data:
    sheet.append(row)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

③ 在python中使用excel函数公式(很有用)
# 这是我们在excel中输入的公式
=IF(RIGHT(C2,2)="cm",C2,SUBSTITUTE(C2,"m","")*100&"cm")
# 那么,在python中怎么插入excel公式呢?
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet["D1"] = "标准身高"
for i in range(2,16):
    sheet["D{}".format(i)] = '=IF(RIGHT(C{},2)="cm",C{},SUBSTITUTE(C{},"m","")*100&"cm")'.format(i,i,i)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

此时,你肯定会好奇,python究竟支持写哪些“excel函数公式”呢?我们可以使用如下操作查看一下。

import openpyxl
from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE
print(FORMULAE)

结果如下:

④ .insert_cols()和.insert_rows():插入空行和空列
  • .insert_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的列数),插入的位置是在idx列数的左侧插入;
  • .insert_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的行数),插入的行数是在idx行数的下方插入;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.insert_cols(idx=4,amount=2)
sheet.insert_rows(idx=5,amount=4)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

⑤ .delete_rows()和.delete_cols():删除行和列
  • .delete_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的行数)
  • .delete_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的列数)
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 删除第一列,第一行
sheet.delete_cols(idx=1)
sheet.delete_rows(idx=1)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

⑥ .move_range():移动格子
  • .move_range("数据区域",rows=,cols=):正整数为向下或向右、负整数为向左或向上;
# 向左移动两列,向下移动两行
sheet.move_range("C1:D4",rows=2,cols=-1)

演示效果如下:

⑦ .create_sheet():创建新的sheet表格
  • .create_sheet("新的sheet名"):创建一个新的sheet表;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
workbook.create_sheet("我是一个新的sheet")
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

⑧ .remove():删除某个sheet表
  • .remove("sheet名"):删除某个sheet表;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(workbook.sheetnames)
# 这个相当于激活的这个sheet表,激活状态下,才可以操作;
sheet = workbook['我是一个新的sheet']  
print(sheet)
workbook.remove(sheet)
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

⑨ .copy_worksheet():复制一个sheet表到另外一张excel表
  • 这个操作的实质,就是复制某个excel表中的sheet表,然后将文件存储到另外一张excel表中;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print("a.xlsx中有这几个sheet表",workbook.sheetnames)
sheet = workbook['姓名']  
workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

结果如下:

⑩ sheet.title:修改sheet表的名称
  • .title = "新的sheet表名"
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.title = "我是修改后的sheet名"
print(sheet)

结果如下:

⑪ 创建新的excel表格文件
from openpyxl import Workbook


workbook = Workbook()
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.title = "表格1"
workbook.save(filename = "新建的excel表格")

结果如下:

⑫ sheet.freeze_panes:冻结窗口
  • .freeze_panes = "单元格"
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.freeze_panes = "C3"
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
"""
冻结窗口以后,你可以打开源文件,进行检验;
"""

结果如下:

⑬ sheet.auto_filter.ref:给表格添加“筛选器”
  • .auto_filter.ref = sheet.dimension 给所有字段添加筛选器;
  • .auto_filter.ref = "A1" 给A1这个格子添加“筛选器”,就是给第一列添加“筛选器”;
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.auto_filter.ref = sheet["A1"]
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")

结果如下:

4、批量调整字体和样式
1)修改字体样式
  • Font(name=字体名称,size=字体大小,bold=是否加粗,italic=是否斜体,color=字体颜色)
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook


workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A1"]
font = Font(name="微软雅黑",size=20,bold=True,italic=True,color="FF0000")
cell.font = font
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
"""
这个color是RGB的16进制表示,自己下去百度学习;
"""

结果如下:

2)获取表格中格子的字体样式
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook


workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A2"]
font = cell.font
print(font.name, font.size, font.bold, font.italic, font.color)

结果如下:

3)设置对齐样式
  • Alignment(horizontal=水平对齐模式,vertical=垂直对齐模式,text_rotation=旋转角度,wrap_text=是否自动换行)
  • 水平对齐:‘distributed',‘justify',‘center',‘leftfill', ‘centerContinuous',‘right,‘general';
  • 垂直对齐:‘bottom',‘distributed',‘justify',‘center',‘top';
from openpyxl.styles import Alignment
from openpyxl import load_workbook


workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A1"]
alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center",vertical="center",text_rotation=45,wrap_text=True)
cell.alignment = alignment
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")

结果如下:

4)设置边框样式
  • Side(style=边线样式,color=边线颜色)
  • Border(left=左边线样式,right=右边线样式,top=上边线样式,bottom=下边线样式)
  • style参数的种类:'double, 'mediumDashDotDot', 'slantDashDot','dashDotDot','dotted','hair', 'mediumDashed, 'dashed', 'dashDot', 'thin','mediumDashDot','medium', 'thick'from openpyxl.styles import Side,Borderfrom
openpyxl import load_workbook


workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["D6"]
side1 = Side(style="thin",color="FF0000")
side2 = Side(style="thick",color="FFFF0000")
border = Border(left=side1,right=side1,top=side2,bottom=side2)
cell.border = border
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")

结果如下:

5)设置填充样式
  • PatternFill(fill_type=填充样式,fgColor=填充颜色)
  • GradientFill(stop=(渐变颜色1,渐变颜色2……))
from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook


workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell_b9 = sheet["B9"]
pattern_fill = PatternFill(fill_type="solid",fgColor="99ccff")
cell_b9.fill = pattern_fill
cell_b10 = sheet["B10"]
gradient_fill = GradientFill(stop=("FFFFFF","99ccff","000000"))
cell_b10.fill = gradient_fill
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")

结果如下:

6)设置行高和列宽
  • .row_dimensions[行编号].height = 行高
  • .column_dimensions[列编号].width = 列宽
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
# 设置第1行的高度
sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 50
# 设置B列的宽度
sheet.column_dimensions["B"].width = 20
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
"""
sheet.row_dimensions.height = 50
sheet.column_dimensions.width = 30
这两句代码,是将整个表的行高设置为50,列宽设置为30;
"""

结果如下:

7)合并单元格
  • .merge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
  • .merge_cells(start_row=起始行号,start_column=起始列号,end_row=结束行号,end_column=结束列号)
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.merge_cells("C1:D2")
sheet.merge_cells(start_row=7,start_column=1,end_row=8,end_column=3)
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")

结果如下:

当然,也有“取消合并单元格”,用法一致。

  • .unmerge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
  • .unmerge_cells(start_row=起始行号,start_column=起始列号,end_row=结束行号,end_column=结束列号)
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