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【python3】如何建立爬虫代理ip池

时间:03-23来源:作者:点击数:37

一、为什么需要建立爬虫代理ip池

在众多的网站防爬措施中,有一种是根据ip的访问频率进行限制的,在某段时间内,当某个ip的访问量达到一定的阀值时,该ip会被拉黑、在一段时间内被禁止访问。

这种时候,可以通过降低爬虫的频率,或者更改ip来应对。后者就需要有一个可用的代理ip池,以供爬虫工作时切换。

二、如何建立一个爬虫代理ip池

思路: 1、找到一个免费的ip代理网站(如:西刺代理)

2、爬取ip(常规爬取requests+BeautifulSoup)

3、验证ip有效性(携带爬取到的ip,去访问指定的url,看返回的状态码是不是200)

4、记录ip (写到文档)

代码如下:

  • #!/usr/bin/env python3
  • # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  • import requests,threading,datetime
  • from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
  • import random
  • """
  • 1、抓取西刺代理网站的代理ip
  • 2、并根据指定的目标url,对抓取到ip的有效性进行验证
  • 3、最后存到指定的path
  • """
  • # ------------------------------------------------------文档处理--------------------------------------------------------
  • # 写入文档
  • def write(path,text):
  • with open(path,'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
  • f.writelines(text)
  • f.write('\n')
  • # 清空文档
  • def truncatefile(path):
  • with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
  • f.truncate()
  • # 读取文档
  • def read(path):
  • with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
  • txt = []
  • for s in f.readlines():
  • txt.append(s.strip())
  • return txt
  • # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • # 计算时间差,格式: 时分秒
  • def gettimediff(start,end):
  • seconds = (end - start).seconds
  • m, s = divmod(seconds, 60)
  • h, m = divmod(m, 60)
  • diff = ("%02d:%02d:%02d" % (h, m, s))
  • return diff
  • # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • # 返回一个随机的请求头 headers
  • def getheaders():
  • user_agent_list = [ \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1" \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", \
  • "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
  • ]
  • UserAgent=random.choice(user_agent_list)
  • headers = {'User-Agent': UserAgent}
  • return headers
  • # -----------------------------------------------------检查ip是否可用----------------------------------------------------
  • def checkip(targeturl,ip):
  • headers =getheaders() # 定制请求头
  • proxies = {"http": "http://"+ip, "https": "http://"+ip} # 代理ip
  • try:
  • response=requests.get(url=targeturl,proxies=proxies,headers=headers,timeout=5).status_code
  • if response == 200 :
  • return True
  • else:
  • return False
  • except:
  • return False
  • #-------------------------------------------------------获取代理方法----------------------------------------------------
  • # 免费代理 XiciDaili
  • def findip(type,pagenum,targeturl,path): # ip类型,页码,目标url,存放ip的路径
  • list={'1': 'http://www.xicidaili.com/nt/', # xicidaili国内普通代理
  • '2': 'http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/', # xicidaili国内高匿代理
  • '3': 'http://www.xicidaili.com/wn/', # xicidaili国内https代理
  • '4': 'http://www.xicidaili.com/wt/'} # xicidaili国外http代理
  • url=list[str(type)]+str(pagenum) # 配置url
  • headers = getheaders() # 定制请求头
  • html=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,timeout = 5).text
  • soup=BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
  • all=soup.find_all('tr',class_='odd')
  • for i in all:
  • t=i.find_all('td')
  • ip=t[1].text+':'+t[2].text
  • is_avail = checkip(targeturl,ip)
  • if is_avail == True:
  • write(path=path,text=ip)
  • print(ip)
  • #-----------------------------------------------------多线程抓取ip入口---------------------------------------------------
  • def getip(targeturl,path):
  • truncatefile(path) # 爬取前清空文档
  • start = datetime.datetime.now() # 开始时间
  • threads=[]
  • for type in range(4): # 四种类型ip,每种类型取前三页,共12条线程
  • for pagenum in range(3):
  • t=threading.Thread(target=findip,args=(type+1,pagenum+1,targeturl,path))
  • threads.append(t)
  • print('开始爬取代理ip')
  • for s in threads: # 开启多线程爬取
  • s.start()
  • for e in threads: # 等待所有线程结束
  • e.join()
  • print('爬取完成')
  • end = datetime.datetime.now() # 结束时间
  • diff = gettimediff(start, end) # 计算耗时
  • ips = read(path) # 读取爬到的ip数量
  • print('一共爬取代理ip: %s 个,共耗时: %s \n' % (len(ips), diff))
  • #-------------------------------------------------------启动-----------------------------------------------------------
  • if __name__ == '__main__':
  • path = 'ip.txt' # 存放爬取ip的文档path
  • targeturl = 'http://www.cdsy.xyz/computer/' # 验证ip有效性的指定url
  • getip(targeturl,path)

结果:

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