Python类的访问权限(public、 private、protected)
时间:03-29来源:作者:点击数:
与 C++、C#、Java 等语言相似,Python 支持将类的属性和方法设置成特定的访问权限,但不是通过关键字区分,而是使用一套约定式的规则:
- 使用一个下画线“_”开头的属性或方法为保护(protected)属性或方法,只能在类或其派生类中访问,在类内部以“self._属性名或方法名”的方式使用;
- 其他的属性或方法为公有(public)属性或方法,可在类的外部直接访问,在类内部以“self.属性名或方法名”的方式使用。
以下例子展示了三种不同访问权限的属性和方法:
class Class1:
public1= 111
_protected1 = 222
_private1 = 333
def publicFunc1(self):
pass
def _protectedFunc1(self):
pass
def __privateFunc1(self):
pass
class Class2(Class1):
public2 = 444
_protected2 = 555
__private2 = 666
def publicFunc2(self):
pass
def _protectedFunc2(self):
pass
def __privateFunc2(self):
pass
c1 = Class1()
print(c1.public1)
print(c1._protected1)
print(c1.__private1)
c1.publicFunc1()
c1._protectedFunc1()
c1.__privateFunc1()
c2 = Class2()
print(c2.public1)
print(c2._protected1)
print(c2.__private1)
print (c2.public2)
print(c2._protected2)
print(c2.__private2)
c2.publicFunc1()
c2._protectedFunc1()
c2.__privateFunc1()
c2.publicFunc2()
c2._protectedFunc2()
c2.__privateFunc2()
上述代码的运行结果如下所示:
>>> class Class1:
... public1= 111
... protected1 = 222
... _private1 = 333
... def publicFunc1(self):
... pass
... def _protectedFunc1(self):
... pass
... def __privateFunc1(self):
... pass
>>> class Class2(Class1):
... public2 = 444
... _protected2 = 555
... __private2 = 666
... def publicFunc2(self):
... pass
... def _protectedFunc2(self):
... pass
... def __privateFunc2(self):
... pass
>>> c1 = Class1()
>>> print(c1.public1)
111
>>> print(c1._protected1)
222
>>> print(c1.__private1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
print(c1.__private1)
AttributeError: 'Class1' object has no attribute '__private1'
>>> c2 = Class2()
>>> print(c2.public1)
111
>>> print(c2._protected1)
222
>>> print(c2.__private1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
print(c2.__private1)
AttributeError: 'Class2' object has no attribute '__private1'
>>> print (c2.public2)
444
>>> print(c2._protected2)
555
>>> print(c2.__private2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
print(c2.__private2)
AttributeError: 'Class2' object has no attribute '__private2'
>>> c2.publicFunc1()
>>> c2._protectedFunc1()
>>> c2.__privateFunc1()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
c2.__privateFunc1()
AttributeError: 'Class2' object has no attribute '__privateFunc1'
>>> c2.publicFunc2()
>>> c2._protectedFunc2()
>>> c2.__privateFunc2()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
c2.__privateFunc2()
AttributeError: 'Class2' object has no attribute '__privateFunc2'
可以看到,在外部直接访问类的私有属性或方法时触发了 AttributeError 异常。